Ayers, William. Chang Chih-tung and educational reform in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-586179-5
Teng, Ssu-yü (鄧嗣禹) and Fairbank, John K. China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1954 & 1979.
